Laboratory: Pairs and Pair Structures

Summary: In this laboratory, you will further ground your understanding of what happens behind the scenes when Scheme deals with lists and other pair-based structures.

Useful procedures: cons, null?, and pair?

Contents:

• Exercises
  • Exercise 0: Preparation
  • Exercise 1: Some Pictures
  • Exercise 2: Some Pairs
  • Exercise 3: More Pictures
  • Exercise 4: Are They Pairs?
  • Exercise 5: Is It A List?
• If You Have Extra Time
  • Extra 1: Rewriting listp?
  • Extra 2: Finding the Last element
• Notes

Exercises

Exercise 0: Preparation

a. Review the reading on pairs and pair structures.

b. Start DrScheme.

Exercise 1: Some Pictures

Draw box-and-pointer diagrams for each of the following lists:

• ((x) y z)
• (x (y z))
• ((a) b (c ()))

Exercise 2: Some Pairs

Enter each of the following expressions into Scheme. In each case, explain why Scheme does or does not use the dot notation when displaying the value.

• (cons 'a "Walker")
• (cons 'a null)
• (cons 'a "null")
• (cons 'a "()")
• (cons null 'a)
• (cons null (cons null null))

Exercise 3: More Pictures

Draw a box-and-pointer representation of the value of the last two expressions in the previous exercise.

Exercise 4: Are They Pairs?

What do you think that pair? will return for each of the following? How about list?. Confirm you answer experimentally and explain any that you found particularly tricky.

• (cons 'a 'b)
• (cons 'a (cons 'b 'c))
• (cons 'a null)
• null
• (list 'a 'b 'c)
• (list 'a)
• (list)

Exercise 5: Is It A List?

You may recall that I told you that many kinds of data are defined recursively. For example, a list is either (1) null or (2) cons of anything and a list.

Using that recursive definition of lists, write a procedure, (listp? val), that determines whether or not val is a list.

You may not use list? in your definition of listp?.

If You Have Extra Time

If you were able to complete the primary exercises with time to spare, you might want to consider the following problems:

Extra 1: Rewriting listp?

Write listp? without using if or cond.

Extra 2: Finding the Last element

Write a procedure, (last pairthing) that finds the last value in a list-like sequence of pairs. If the sequence of pairs is actually a list, return the last element of the list. If the sequence of pairs ends with a pair, return the cdr of that pair.

In solving this problem you should only step through the list once.

Notes