Class 10: Lab: Conditionals

Held Monday, September 11, 2000

Summary

Today we return to our considerations of programming Java by investigating conditional operations in Java, particularly the if and cond operations.

Notes

• Reminder: Entrepreneur's talk at 4:15 in South lounge.
• Are there questions on the homework?
  • Due date extended to Wednesday.
• Sorry, I don't have the first homework graded yet.
• Today's lab: J4 (sections J4.2 and J4.4)
• For tomorrow:
  • Read Lab J5
• For Wednesday:
  • Finish homework 2
• For Friday:
  • Project, Phase 1

Overview

• Polymorphism, revisted
• Quick notes on booleans and conditionals
• Lab: J4.2 and J4.4

Polymorphism, Continued

• Since we didn't quite finish our discussion, I'll touch on interfaces a little bit.
• I'm hoping that your questions on the homework will cover most of the bases.

Boolean Values

• In working with Java, we've encountered three kinds of types
  • Primitive numeric types (int and its ilk)
  • Built-in object types (String)
  • User-defined object types (Point)
• There are additional kinds of primitive values that we will use. The simplest of these is the boolean value.
• Booleans are truth values: they are either true or false. They can take on no other values.
• You can compute boolean values with Boolean expressions.
• You should be familiar with these kinds of values from Scheme.
• You can compare two primitive numeric values with
  • x < y (less than)
  • x <= y (less than or equal to)
  • x == y (equal to; note there are two equals signs)
  • x != y (not equal to)
  • x >= y (greater than or equal to)
  • x > y (greater than)
• Note that these differ from Scheme in that they are infix rather than prefix operations.
• You can typically compare any two objects with the equals method. (It does need to be defined for most classes.)
• It is also possible to define new boolean methods. For example, consider ``Is this point within 1 unit of the origin?'' We might code this as follows:

    /**
     * Determine if the current point is within one unit of the origin.
     */
    public boolean nearOrigin() {
      return (this.distanceFromOrigin() < 1.0);
    } // nearOrigin()
  

• It is also possible to combine booleans with Boolean operators,
  • b1 && b2 (and)
  • b1 || b2 (or)
  • !b (not)
• For example, we might call a point ``bothersome'' if it is within half a unit from either axis. The Boolean operations help us define such a function.

    /**
     * Determine if the current point is bothersome.  That is, it is
     * within half a unit from either axis.
     */
    public boolean bothersome() {
      return (Math.abs(this.xcoordinate) < 0.5) ||
             (Math.abs(this.ycoordinate) < 0.5);
    } // bothersome()
  

Control Structures with Booleans

• As we'll soon see, there are many uses of Boolean values, particularly relative to control structures for programs.
  • Control structures influence the flow of control within the program; they select which operations are performed.

Simple Conditionals

• The if or conditional statement is one of the simplest control structures.
• Java provides the two basic forms of the if statement.
• The simplest one:

  if (test) {
    statements;
  } // if
  

  This executes the statements only when the test holds.
  • The test must return a boolean (truth) value.
  • The test must be surrounded by parentheses.
• This is a common structure in recipes. For example,
  • ``For fluffier pancakes, decrease the milk by 10%.''
  • ``If above 5000 ft, decrease the oven temperature by 25 degrees F.''
• It is also possible to suggest an alternate if the test does not hold.

  if (test) {
    statements;
  } // if text
  else {
    statements;
  } // not test
  

  This selects between the two sequences of statements. It executes the first sequence of statements if the test evaluates to true and the second sequence if the test evalutes to false.
• Java does not provide a special facility for nesting if statements, such as Scheme's cond
• Note that Java's if is slightly different from Scheme's.
  • Scheme's if selects between expressions and returns a value.
  • Java's ifselects between statements and does not return a value.

Formatting Nested Ifs

if (test1) {
  stuff1
}
else if (test2) {
  stuff2
}
else if (test3) {
  stuff3
}
else if (testn) {
  stuffn
}
else {
  default-stuff
}

Other Conditionals

• Often, you need to do more than select between two values, one true and one false.
• While it is possible to do this with a sequence of if statements, such a solution is neither readable nor efficient.
• As an alternative, Java provides the switch statement (like the case statement in Pascal).
• It takes the form

  switch (integer-valued-expression) {
    case value1:
      stuff-to-do;
      break;
    case value2:
      stuff-to-do;
      break;
    ...
    default:
      stuff-to-do;
      break;
  }
  

• If you leave out a break, execution will continue into the next case.
• You can switch on expressions whose type is byte, short, int, long, or char.
• The break statement has other uses, which you'll see later.

Conditionals Lab

Do sections J4.2 and J4.4 of lab J4: conditionals.

What are some other ways we might use conditionals with the Point class?

What are some other ways in which you might expect to use conditionals?